14.  Haney, History of Economic Thought, p. 52; cf. Ely, op. cit., p. 48, n. 1, cited in n. 1, above, for a similar definition based on Plato.

15.  Kautz (op. cit., p. 57) goes to the extreme of saying that antiquity represents “die Negation der ökonomischen Interessen und der wirtschaftlichen Arbeit.”

16.  Even abolition of debts and redivision of lands were not unknown in Greek history. Grote (History of Greece, III, 105 f. and notes) denies this, but the heliastic oath, which he cites (Dem. Adv. Timoc. 746, and Dio Chrysost. Or. xxxi. 332), proves that such measures were agitated, or there would be no reason for protective measures. Cf. infra, Plato (Laws, 736E), who takes this for granted. Cf. Solon’s Fragments; Isoc. (Panath. 259) says that it would be hard to find a Greek state, except Sparta, that has not fallen into “the accustomed accidents,” viz., στάσιν, σφαγάς, φυγὰς ἀνόμους, ἁρπαγὰς χρημάτων, χρεῶν ἀποκοπάς, γῆς ἀναδασμόν, etc.

17.  Cf. infra. for citations and qualifications.

18.  Cf. infra for qualifications. Zimmern (op. cit., p. 227) rightly insists: “In spite of what is often said, Greece did produce economists.”

19.  Erga 308, 314, 397 f., 311 (ἔργον δ᾽ οὐδὲν ὄνειδος, ἀεργίη δέ τ᾽ ὄνειδος), 310, 303-6, 413. Any material in Homer applies rather to a history of economic conditions. Cf., however, Il. xiii. 730-32; iii. 65; xxiii. 667 on specialization of gifts.