ESSAYS.

the “Siete Partidas:”⁴⁹⁰ in the third place are “liberatores,” or “salvatores,”⁴⁹¹ such as compound the long miseries of civil wars, or deliver their countries from servitude of strangers or tyrants, as Augustus Cæsar, Vespasianus, Aurelianus, Theodoricus, King Henry the Seventh of England, King Henry the Fourth of France: in the fourth place are “propagatores,” or “propugnatores imperii,”⁴⁹² such as in honorable wars enlarge their territories, or make noble defence against invaders: and, in the last place are “patres patriæ,”⁴⁹³ which reign justly, and make the times good wherein they live; both which last kinds need no examples, they are in such number. Degrees of honor in subjects are, first, “participes curarum,”⁴⁹⁴ those upon whom princes do discharge the greatest weight of their affairs, their right hands, as we call them; the next are “duces belli,”⁴⁹⁵ great leaders, such as are princes’ lieutenants, and do them notable services in the wars; the third are “gratiosi,” favorites, such as exceed not this scantling,⁴⁹⁶ to be solace to the sovereign, and harmless to the people; and