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Elements of Arithmetic

Elements of Arithmetic

by Augustus De Morgan

Augustus De Morgan presents a foundational text on arithmetic designed to teach the subject through reason and demonstration rather than rote memorization. This fifth edition includes eleven new appendixes covering topics such as computation and decimal money to assist the advanced student.

Languages
English·Español
License
Public Domain
Originally published
1830
Latest release
Oct 9, 2026
Pages
280
Format
A4 (210 × 297 mm)
Book type
Textbook
Read
Public page

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Table of Contents

  1. Elements of Arithmetic
  2. Preface
  3. ELEMENTS OF ARITHMETIC
  4. Book I. Principles of Arithmetic
  5. Section II. Addition and Subtraction.
  6. SECTION III. MULTIPLICATION.
  7. SECTION V. FRACTIONS.
  8. SECTION VI. DECIMAL FRACTIONS.
  9. Section VII. On the Extraction of the Square Root.
  10. SECTION VIII. ON THE PROPORTION OF NUMBERS.
  11. Section IX. On Permutations and Combinations.
  12. Book II. Commercial Arithmetic
  13. Appendix to the Fifth Edition of De Morgan’s Elements of Arithmetic
  14. I. On the Mode of Computing.
  15. Appendix II. On Verification by Casting Out Nines and Elevens.
  16. Appendix III. On Scales of Notation.
  17. Appendix IV. On the Definition of Fractions.
  18. Appendix V. On Characteristics
  19. APPENDIX VI. ON DECIMAL MONEY.
  20. APPENDIX VII. ON THE MAIN PRINCIPLE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
  21. APPENDIX VIII. ON THE REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS TO OTHERS OF NEARLY EQUAL VALUE.
  22. APPENDIX IX. ON SOME GENERAL PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.
  23. Appendix X. On Combinations.
  24. APPENDIX XI. ON HORNER’S METHOD OF SOLVING EQUATIONS.
  25. APPENDIX XII. RULES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ARITHMETIC TO GEOMETRY.
  26. Notes