property of the energy exchange between matter and the ether that causes their existence. (Compare also some remarks of Lorentz in 2.)
P. Frank, Zur Ableitung der Planckschen Strahlungsformel, Phys. Zeitschr., 13, p. 506.
L. Natanson, Statistische Theorie der Strahlung, Phys. Zeitschr., 12, p. 659.
W. Nernst, Zur Theorie der specifischen Wärme und über die Anwendung der Lehre von den Energiequanten auf physikalisch-chemische Fragen überhaupt, Zeitschr. f. Elektrochemie, 17, p. 265.
The experimental facts on which the recent theories of specific heat (quantum theories) rely, were discovered by W. Nernst and his fellow workers. The results are published in a large number of papers that have appeared in different periodicals. See, e.g., W. Nernst, Der Energieinhalt fester Substanzen, Ann. d. Phys. 36, p. 395, where also numerous other papers are quoted. (See also references given in 1.) These experimental facts give very strong support to the heat theorem of Nernst ([sect:120.] Sec. 120),
according to which the entropy approaches a definite limit (perhaps the value zero, see Planck's Thermodynamics, 3. ed., sec. 282, et seq.) at the absolute zero of temperature, and which is consistent with the quantum theory. This work is in close connection with the recent attempts to develop an equation of state applicable to the solid state of matter. In addition to the papers by Nernst and his school there may be mentioned:
K. Eisenmann, Canonische Zustandsgleichung einatomiger fester Körper und die Quantentheorie, Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 14, p. 769.
W. H. Keesom, Entropy and the Equation of State, Konink. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam Proc., 15, p. 240.
L. Natanson, Energy Content of Bodies, Acad. Science Cracovie Bull. Ser. A, p. 95. In Einstein's theory of specific heats ([sect:140.] Sec. 140) the atoms of actual bodies in nature are apparently identified with the ideal resonators of Planck. In this paper it is pointed out that this is implying too special features for the atoms of real bodies, and also, that such far-reaching specializations do not seem necessary for deriving the laws of specific heat from the quantum theory.
L. S. Ornstein, Statistical Theory of the Solid State, Konink. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam Proc., 14, p. 983.
S. Ratnowsky, Die Zustandsgleichung einatomiger fester Körper und die Quantentheorie, Ann. d. Phys. 38, p. 637.
Among papers on the law of equipartition of energy ([sect:169.] Sec. 169) are:
J. H. Jeans, Planck's Radiation Theory and Non-Newtonian Mechanics, Phil. Mag., 20, p. 943.
S. B. McLaren, Partition of Energy between Matter and Radiation, Phil. Mag., 21, p. 15.
S. B. McLaren, Complete Radiation, Phil. Mag., 23, p. 513. This paper and the one of Jeans deal with the fact that from
Newtonian Mechanics (Hamilton's Principle) the equipartition principle necessarily follows, and that hence either Planck's law or the fundamental principles of mechanics need a modification.