| 1250. | Frederick II, the last Hohenstaufen Emperor, died. German interregnum until 1273. | |
| 1251. | Mangu Khan became Great Khan. Kublai Khan governor of China. | |
| 1258. | Hulagu Khan took and destroyed Bagdad. | |
| 1260. | Kublai Khan became Great Khan. | |
| 1261. | The Greeks recaptured Constantinople from the Latins. | |
| 1273. | Rudolf of Habsburg elected Emperor. The Swiss formed their Everlasting League. | |
| 1280. | Kublai Khan founded the Yuan dynasty in China. | |
| 1292. | Death of Kublai Khan. | |
| 1293. | Roger Bacon, the prophet of experimental science, died. | |
| 1348. | The Great Plague, the Black Death. | |
| 1360. | In China the Mongol (Yuan) dynasty fell, and was succeeded by the Ming dynasty (to 1644). | |
| 1377. | Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome. | |
| 1378. | The Great Schism. Urban VI in Rome, Clement VII at Avignon. | |
| 1398. | Huss preached Wycliffism at Prague. | |
| 1414-18. | The Council of Constance. | |