it had in some places a strong infusion of the proletarian element, which, however, was dominated by middle-class patriotism and ideas which led to the assertion and consolidation 190 of nationalities. This has gone on ever since, and the feeling still exists and in some cases is even rampant. Poland, Hungary, Italy, Servia, Ireland, and France, as represented by her Chauvinists, have all once and again contributed their quotas to this nuisance of “Patriotism,” which has so often in these latter days dragged the red herring over the path of the Revolution.
But a new element was present in these latter revolutionary movements, though at first it did not seem to influence their action much. This was the first appearance in politics of modern or scientific Socialism, in the shape of the Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels, first published in 1847. The rise and development of this phase will be dealt with in detail further on; at present we can do no more than call attention to the steady and continuous influence of this last-born Socialism, compared with the rapid extinction of Baboeuf’s propaganda, although he had a numerous body of adherents; for this fact marks a very great advance since the end of the eighteenth century.
The general effect, however, at least 191 as seen openly, of these insurrections was little more than the shaking of absolutism and the supplanting of it in various degrees by middle-class constitutionalism; and also, as aforesaid, an added impulse toward the consolidation of nationalities, which later on produced the unification of Italy and of Germany, and the assertion of the independence of the Hungarian state.
In France the outward effects of the insurrection were most obvious and lasted the longest; but the bourgeois institution that took the place of Louis Philippe’s corrupt monarchy asserted itself tyrannically enough against the proletariat, and in consequence had no strength left to meet the political adventurer Louis Napoleon, whose plot against the republic received just as much resistance as gave him an excuse for the massacre of