protagonist of the individualist anarchist school represented to-day by Mr. Benjamin Tucker and by his paper Liberty, published at Boston, U.S.A.
We may now mention the names of two men of no great importance in themselves, but worth noting as forerunners of the Sentimental Socialists and Christian Socialists of the present day. Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais (born 1782, died 1854) is the type of 224 the Christian Socialist: he was intended for a priest from the first, and duly took orders. He began by efforts to reform the Catholic Church, so as to make it an effective instrument for happiness and social morality and reform. He expected to be helped and encouraged by the clergy in these efforts, and at first, before they perceived their real tendency, he received some support from them. At last, in his paper L’ Avenir (the future), he took so decidedly a democratic turn that he incurred the animosity of the whole Church, especially of the then Pope Gregory XVI. The signal for his complete rupture with the Church, however was the publication (in 1834) of his Paroles d'un Croyant (“Words of a Believer ”), which the Pope characterised as “small in size but immense in perversity.” After that he became thoroughly democratic or even Communistic, as Communism was then understood. A series of political works and pamphlets followed, all in the sense of his new departure. He started, in 1848, two papers, one after another, 225 which were suppressed. He sat in the Republican Constituent Chamber until the coup d'état; and, while Deputy, drew up for the Left a plan of Constitution which was rejected as too revolutionary. He was buried by his own direction without ecclesiastical rites.
Pierre le Roux (born 1798, died 1871) was originally a disciple of Saint Simon. In 1840 he published his most important work, De L’ Humanité, whence the name of his school, the Humanitarians. He joined George Sand and Niardof in a literary review, and it was owing to this connection that the humanitarian tendencies of some of her novels are to