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The Origin of Species
XIV

Table of Contents

The Origin of Species p. 1

An Historical Sketch of the Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, Previously to the Publication of the First Edition of This Work pp. 3–36

I p. 37

Causes of Variability pp. 38–46

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Effects of Habit and of the Use or Disuse of Parts; Correlated Variation; Inheritance pp. 47–56

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Character of Domestic Varieties; Difficulty of Distinguishing Between Varieties and Species; Origin of Domestic Varieties from One or More Species pp. 57–66

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Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon, Their Differences and Origin pp. 67–84

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Principles of Selection Anciently Followed, and Their Effects pp. 85–93

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Unconscious Selection pp. 94–107

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Circumstances Favourable to Man’s Power of Selection pp. 108–115

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II pp. 116–120

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Individual Differences pp. 121–126

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Doubtful Species pp. 127–146

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Wide-Ranging, Much Diffused, and Common Species Vary Most pp. 147–149

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Species of the Larger Genera in Each Country Vary More Frequently Than the Species of the Smaller Genera pp. 150–154

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Many of the Species Included Within the Larger Genera Resemble Varieties in Being Very Closely, but Unequally, Related to Each Other, and in Having Restricted Ranges pp. 155–159

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Summary pp. 160–161

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III pp. 162–165

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The Term, Struggle for Existence, Used in a Large Sense p. 166

Geometrical Ratio of Increase pp. 167–173

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Nature of the Checks to Increase pp. 174–182

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Complex Relations of All Animals and Plants to Each Other in the Struggle for Existence pp. 183–193

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Struggle for Life Most Severe Between Individuals and Varieties of the Same Species pp. 194–199

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IV pp. 200–220

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Sexual Selection pp. 221–226

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Illustrations of the Action of Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest pp. 227–243

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On the Intercrossing of Individuals pp. 244–255

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Circumstances Favourable for the Production of New Forms Through Natural Selection pp. 256–271

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Extinction Caused by Natural Selection pp. 272–274

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Divergence of Character pp. 275–286

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The Probable Effects of the Action of Natural Selection Through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the Descendants of a Common Ancestor pp. 287–305

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On the Degree to Which Organisation Tends to Advance pp. 306–314

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Convergence of Character pp. 315–321

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Summary of Chapter pp. 322–328

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V pp. 329–334

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Effects of the Increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as Controlled by Natural Selection pp. 335–346

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Acclimatisation pp. 347–354

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Correlated Variation pp. 355–361

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Compensation and Economy of Growth pp. 362–363

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Multiple, Rudimentary, and Lowly-Organised Structures Are Variable pp. 364–365

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A Part Developed in Any Species in an Extraordinary Degree or Manner, in Comparison with the Same Part in Allied Species, Tends to Be Highly Variable pp. 366–374

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Specific Characters More Variable Than Generic Characters pp. 375–379

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Secondary Sexual Characters Variable pp. 380–382

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Distinct Species Present Analogous Variations, So That a Variety of One Species Often Assumes a Character Proper to an Allied Species, or Reverts to Some of the Characters of an Early Progenitor pp. 383–403

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Summary pp. 404–408

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VI pp. 409–410

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On the Absence or Rarity of Transitional Varieties pp. 411–423

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On the Origin and Transition of Organic Beings with Peculiar Habits and Structure pp. 424–438

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Organs of Extreme Perfection and Complication pp. 439–448

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Modes of Transition pp. 449–457

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Special Difficulties of the Theory of Natural Selection pp. 458–476

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Organs of Little Apparent Importance, as Affected by Natural Selection pp. 477–486

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Utilitarian Doctrine, How Far True: Beauty, How Acquired pp. 487–499

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Summary: The Law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence Embraced by the Theory of Natural Selection pp. 500–507

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VII pp. 508–618

VIII pp. 619–631

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Inherited Changes of Habit or Instinct in Domesticated Animals pp. 632–639

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Special Instincts p. 640

Instincts of the Cuckoo pp. 641–652

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Slave-Making Instinct pp. 653–667

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Cell-Making Instinct of the Hive-Bee pp. 668–688

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Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection as Applied to Instincts: Neuter and Sterile Insects pp. 689–706

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Summary pp. 707–708

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IX pp. 709–710

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Degrees of Sterility pp. 711–727

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Laws Governing the Sterility of First Crosses and of Hybrids pp. 728–743

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Origin and Causes of the Sterility of First Crosses and of Hybrids pp. 744–759

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Reciprocal Dimorphism and Trimorphism pp. 760–769

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Fertility of Varieties When Crossed, and of Their Mongrel Offspring, Not Universal pp. 770–780

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Hybrids and Mongrels Compared, Independently of Their Fertility pp. 781–789

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Summary of Chapter pp. 790–794

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X pp. 795–801

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On the Lapse of Time, as Inferred from the Rate of Deposition and Extent of Denudation pp. 802–812

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On the Poorness of Palaeontological Collections pp. 813–828

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On the Absence of Numerous Intermediate Varieties in Any Single Formation pp. 829–848

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On the Sudden Appearance of Whole Groups of Allied Species pp. 849–859

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On the Sudden Appearance of Groups of Allied Species in the Lowest Known Fossiliferous Strata pp. 860–871

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XI pp. 872–880

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On Extinction pp. 881–892

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On the Forms of Life Changing Almost Simultaneously Throughout the World pp. 893–902

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On the Affinities of Extinct Species to Each Other, and to Living Forms pp. 903–918

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On the State of Development of Ancient Compared with Living Forms pp. 919–926

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On the Succession of the Same Types Within the Same Areas, During the Later Tertiary Periods pp. 927–933

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Summary of the Preceding and Present Chapters pp. 934–942

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XII pp. 943–955

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Single Centres of Supposed Creation pp. 956–963

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Means of Dispersal pp. 964–986

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Dispersal During the Glacial Period pp. 987–1001

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Alternate Glacial Periods in the North and South pp. 1002–1028

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XIII p. 1029

Freshwater Productions pp. 1030–1042

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On the Inhabitants of Oceanic Islands pp. 1043–1049

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Absence of Batrachians and Terrestrial Mammals on Oceanic Islands pp. 1050–1059

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On the Relations of the Inhabitants of Islands to Those of the Nearest Mainland pp. 1060–1076

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Summary of the Last and Present Chapters pp. 1077–1083

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XIV pp. 1084–1116

Analogical Resemblances pp. 1117–1129

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On the Nature of the Affinities Connecting Organic Beings pp. 1130–1141

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Morphology pp. 1142–1155

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Development and Embryology pp. 1156–1184

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Rudimentary, Atrophied, and Aborted Organs pp. 1185–1201

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Summary pp. 1202–1205

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XV pp. 1206–1275

Glossary of the Principal Scientific Terms Used in the Present Volume pp. 1276–1316

List of Illustrations p. 1317

XIV

Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology⁠—Embryology⁠—Rudimentary Organs⁠—Classification

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