revolted; he ordered his officers to attack them, whereupon they were defeated and fled in confusion. 140 He once uttered the words: “If I fight, I conquer.” 141 And Jan Yu also said: “The Sage exercises both civil and military functions.” 142 Can it be a fact that Confucius never studied or received instruction in the art of war? We can only say that he did not specially choose matters connected with armies and fighting to be the subject of his teaching. 143

Sun Hsing-yen , the editor of Sun Tzǔ , writes in similar strain:⁠—