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nydus/Contributions to the Theory of Natural SelectionPublic

This volume collects essays written by Alfred Russel Wallace regarding his independent discovery and development of the theory of natural selection. The author provides corrected and expanded versions of his previous scientific writings to demonstrate the scope and application of his findings.

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Table of Contents

IV. THE MALAYAN PAPILIONIDÆ OR SWALLOW-TAILED BUTTERFLIES, AS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION.

  • Genus Papilio. Larvæ short, thick, with numerous fleshy tubercles; of a purplish colour. a. Nox-group. Abdominal fold in male very large; anal valves small, but swollen; antennæ moderate; wings entire, or tailed; includes the Indian Philoxenus-group. b. Coon-group. Abdominal fold in male small; anal valves small, but swollen; antennæ moderate; wings tailed. c. Polydorus-group. Abdominal fold in male small, or none; anal valves small or obsolete, hairy; wings tailed or entire. Larvæ with third segment swollen, transversely or obliquely banded; pupa much bent. Imago with abdominal margin in male plaited, but not reflexed; body weak; antennæ long; wings much dilated, often tailed. d. Ulysses-group. e. Peranthus-group. Protenor-group (Indian) is somewhat intermediate between these, and is nearest to the Nox-group. f. Memnon-group. Protenor-group (Indian) is somewhat intermediate between these, and is nearest to the Nox-group. g. Helenus-group. h. Erectheus-group. i. Pammon-group. k. Demolion-group. Larvæ subcylindrical, variously coloured. Imago with abdominal margin in male plaited, but not reflexed; body weak; antennæ short, with a thick curved club; wings entire. l. Erithonius-group. Sexes alike, larva and pupa something like those of P. Demolion. m. Paradoxa-group. Sexes different. n. Dissimilis-group. Sexes alike; larva bright-coloured; pupa straight, cylindric. Larvæ elongate, attenuate behind, and often bifid, with lateral and oblique pale stripes, green. Imago with the abdominal margin in male reflexed, woolly or hairy within; anal valves small, hairy; antennæ short, stout; body stout. o. Macareus-group. Hind wings entire. p. Antiphates-group. Hind wings much tailed (swallow-tails). q. Eurypylus-group. Hind wings elongate or tailed.
  • Genus Leptocircus.
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