not all; for beyond the total reported reserves (both actual and potential), there are known additional large quantities of lower-grade ores, at present not commercially available, but which will be available in the future,—to say nothing of expected future discoveries of ores of all grades in unexplored territories. Both geological inference and the history of iron ore exploration seem to make such future discoveries practically certain. Iron ore constitutes about 4 per cent of the earth's shell and it shows all stages of concentration up to 70 per cent. Only those rocks are called "iron ores" which have a sufficiently high percentage of iron to be adapted to present processes for the extraction of iron. When economic conditions demand it, it may be assumed that iron-bearing rocks not now ordinarily regarded as ores may be used to commercial advantage, and therefore will become ores.
Not only is an indefinitely long life assured for iron ore reserves as a whole, but the same is true of many of the principal groups of deposits.
The question of practical concern to us, therefore, is not one of total iron ore reserves, but one of degrees of availability of different ores to the markets which focus our requirements for iron.
The annual production of ore from a given district is roughly a measure of that ore's ability to meet the competitive market, and therefore, of its actual immediate or past availability. Annual production is the net result of the interaction of all of the factors bearing on availability. It may be argued that there are ores known and not yet mined which are also immediately available. On the whole, they seem to be less available than ores actually being produced; otherwise general economic pressure would require their use and actual production.
In considering the future availability of iron ores, it is obvious that tables of past production afford only a partial basis for prediction. Presumably districts which have produced largely in the past may be expected to continue as important factors. In these cases production has demonstrated availability. Continued heavy production may thus be expected from the ores of the Lake Superior region, from the Clinton hematites of Alabama, from the ores of the Lorraine-Luxemburg-Briey district, from the Cleveland ores of England, from the Bilbao ores of Spain, from the high-grade magnetites of northern Sweden, and (assuming political stability) from the ores of southern Russia.
Similarly, also, recent increases in production from certain districts are probably significant of increased use of such ores in the future. Among these developments are the increasing production of Swedish ores and their importation into England and Germany, and the increasing use of Clinton hematites and Adirondack magnetites in the United States. Low-grade ores from the great reserves of Cuba are being mined and brought to the east coast of the United States in increasing amounts, and it is highly probable that they will take a larger share of the market. A similar project in Chile, which lay dormant during the war because of restricted shipping facilities, is expected in the near future to yield important shipments to the United States. In none of these cases will production be limited in the near future by ore reserves. Increased production and use of iron ores are also to be looked for in Newfoundland, North Africa, China, India, Australia, and South Africa.
On the