Possible Psychological Studies of Management. — In making this psychological study of management, it would be possible to take up the three types as defined above, separately and in order, and to discuss the place of the mind in each, at length; but such a method would not only result in needless repetition, but also in most difficult comparisons when final results were to be deduced and formulated.
It would, again, be possible to take up the various elements or divisions of psychological study as determined by a consensus of psychologists, and to illustrate each in turn from the three types of management; but the results from any such method would be apt to seem unrelated and impractical, i.e., it would be a lengthy process to get results that would be of immediate, practical use in managing.
Plan of Psychological Study Used Here. — It has, therefore, seemed best to base the discussion that is to follow upon arbitrary divisions of scientific management, that is —
- To enumerate the underlying principles on which scientific management rests.
- To show in how far the other two types of management vary from Scientific Management.
- To discuss the psychological aspect of each principle.
Advantages of This Plan of Study. — In this way the reader can gain an idea of
- The relation of Scientific Management to the other types of management.
- The structure of Scientific Management.
- The relation between the various elements of Scientific Management.
- The psychology of management in general, and of the three types of management in particular.
Underlying Ideas and Divisions of Scientific Management. — These underlying ideas are grouped under nine divisions, as follows: —
- Individuality.
- Functionalization.
- Measurement.
- Analysis and Synthesis.
- Standardization.
- Records and Programmes.
- Teaching.
- Incentives.
- Welfare.
It is here only necessary to enumerate these divisions. Each will be made the subject of a chapter.