preceding examples sufficiently show what I mean by that. Is it this which Russell calls the 'zigzaginess'? I put the question without answering it.
VIII
The Demonstrations of the Principle of Induction
Let us now examine the pretended demonstrations of the principle of induction and in particular those of Whitehead and of Burali-Forti.
We shall speak of Whitehead's first, and take advantage of certain new terms happily introduced by Russell in his recent memoir. Call recurrent class every class containing zero, and containing n + 1 if it contains n. Call inductive number every number which is a part of all the recurrent classes. Upon what condition will this latter definition, which plays an essential rôle in Whitehead's proof, be 'predicative' and consequently acceptable?
In accordance with what has been said, it is necessary to understand by all the recurrent classes, all those in whose definition the notion of inductive number does not enter. Else we fall again upon the vicious circle which has engendered the antinomies.
Now Whitehead has not taken this precaution. Whitehead's reasoning is therefore fallacious; it is the same which led to the antinomies. It was illegitimate when it gave false results; it remains illegitimate when by chance it leads to a true result.
A definition containing a vicious circle defines nothing. It is of no use to say, we are sure, whatever meaning we may give to our definition, zero at least belongs to the class of inductive numbers; it is not a question of knowing whether this class is void, but whether it can be rigorously deliminated. A 'non-predicative' class is not an empty class, it is a class whose boundary is undetermined. Needless to add that this particular objection leaves in force the general