” is of a different origin. The cowardly, the timid, the insignificant, and those thinking merely of narrow utility are despised; moreover, also, the distrustful, with their constrained glances, the self-abasing, the doglike kind of men who let themselves be abused, the mendicant flatterers, and above all the liars:⁠—it is a fundamental belief of all aristocrats that the common people are untruthful. “We truthful ones”⁠—the nobility in ancient Greece called themselves. It is obvious that everywhere the designations of moral value were at first applied to men ; and were only derivatively and at a later period applied to actions ; it is a gross mistake, therefore, when historians of morals start with questions like, “Why have sympathetic actions been praised?” The noble type of man regards himself as a determiner of values; he does not require to be approved of; he passes the judgment: “What is injurious to me is injurious in itself;” he knows that it is he himself only who confers honour on things; he is a creator of values