Wên . To emperor Ching ( BC 156⁠–⁠143), the son of Wên , there is attributed the designation of Lao’s treatise as a ching , a work of standard authority. At the beginning of his reign, we are told, some one was commending to him four works, among which were those of Laozi and Chuang-tzŭ . Deeming that the work of Huang-tzŭ and Laozi was of a deeper character than the others, he ordered that it should be called a ching