from some lakes and the gathering of oak-bark for tanneries complete the picture of these busy villages, where industry joins hands with agriculture, and modern machines and appliances are so well put in the service of the small workshops.
On the other side, at Besançon, which was, in 1878, when I visited it, a great centre for watch-making, “all taken, nothing has yet been changed in the habits of the workingclass,” M. Dumazet wrote in 1901. The watchmakers continued to work in their houses or in small workshops. 163 Only there was no complete fabrication of the watch or the clock. Many important parts — the wheels, etc. — were imported from Switzerland or from different towns of France. And, as is always the case, numerous small secondary workshops for making the watch-cases, the hands, and so on, grew up in that neighbourhood.
The same has to be said of Montbéliard — another important centre of the watch trade. By the side of the manufactures, where all the parts of the mechanism of the watch