387 [ cp. Lys. 215 A]; will not give way to sorrow, ibid. ; 10. 603 E [ cp. Laws 5. 732; 7. 792 B, 800 D]; appear simple from their inexperience of evil, 3. 409 A; hate the tyrant, 8. 568 A; the friends of God and like Him, 10. 613 [ cp. Phil. 39 E; Laws 4. 716].
Goods, community of, 3. 416; 5. 464; 8. 543. See Community.
Government, forms of, are they administered in the interest of the rulers? 1. 338 D, 343, 346; are all based on a principle of justice, ib. 338 E [cp. Laws 12. 945]; present forms in an evil condition, 6. 492 E, 496; none of the existing forms adapted to philosophy, ib. 497;
—the four imperfect forms, 4. 445 B; 8. 544 [cp. Pol. 291 foll., 301 foll.]; succession of changes in states, 8. 545 foll.;
—peculiar barbarian forms, ib. 544 D. Cp. Constitution, State.
Government, forms of. [The classification of forms of government which Plato adopts in the Republic is not exactly the same with that given in the Statesman or the Laws. Both in the Republic and the Statesman the series commences with the perfect state, which may be either monarchy or aristocracy, accordingly as the ‘one best man’ bears rule or many who are all ‘perfect in virtue’ [cp. Arist. Pol. iv. 2, § 1]. But in the Republic the further succession is somewhat fancifully connected with the divisions of the soul. The rule of reason [i.e. the perfect state] passes into timocracy, in which the ‘spirited element’ is predominant (8. 548), timocracy into three governments in turn, which represent the ‘appetitive principle,’—first, oligarchy, in which the desire of wealth is supreme (8. 533 D; 9. 581); secondly, democracy, characterised by an unbounded lust for freedom (9. 561); thirdly, tyranny, in which all evil desires grow unchecked, and the tyrant becomes ‘the waking reality of what he once was in his dreams only’ (9. 574 E). Each of these inferior forms is illustrated in the individual who corresponds to the state and ‘is set over against it’ (8. 550 C). *In the Statesman, after the government of the one or many good has been separated, the remaining forms are classified accordingly as the government has or has