is ceasing I to appeal to thera as a natural, self-evident source l of comfort and strength. The natural right of N ' property no longer means so much to them as it , I once did.
A like weakening of the natural-rights animus is visible at another point in the current frame of mind of these classes. The growth of trade-unionism! and of what is called the trade-union spirit is a concomitant of industry organized after the manner! of a machine process. Historically this growth begins, virtually, with the industrial revolution, coming in sporadically, loosely, tentatively, with no precise assignable date, very much aa the revolution does. England is the land of its genesis, its "area of characterization," and the place where it has reached its fullest degree of specification and its largest force ; just as England is the country in which the modern machine industry took its rise and in which it has had the longest and most consistent life and growth. In this matter other coxmtries are followers of the British lead and apparently borrowers of British precedents and working concepts. Still, the history of the trade-imion movement in other countries seems to say that the working classes elsewhere have not advisedly borrowed ideals and methods of organization from
their British congeners so much as they have been pushed into the same general attitude and line of conduct by the same general line of exigencies and experiences. Particularly, experience seems to say that it is not feasible to introduce the trade-union > spirit or the trade-union rules into any community [ until the machine industry has had time extensively I to standardize the scheme of work and of life for the working classes on mechanical lines. Workmen do not take to full-blown trade-union ideals abruptly on the introduction of those modem business methods which