process, in comparison with what preceded the coming of the machine age. The beginnings of modem science are older than the industrial revolution ; the principles of scientific research {causal explanation and exact measurement) antedate the regime of the machine process. But a change has I taken place in the postulates and animus of scientific research since modern science first began, and \ this change in the postulates of scientific knowledge ] is related to the growth of the machine technology. '
It ia unnecessary here to hark back to that scholastic science or philosophy that served as an intellectual expression of the ecclesiastical and political culture of the Middle Ages. Its character, as compared with later science, ia sufficiently notorious. By the change from scholastic knowledge to modem science, to the extent to which the change was carried through, the principle (habit of
' There ia a gimilar auggeslion in the relative (slight bnl perceptible) decline of scieoliflc animus in England aince Cbe Englijh community has turned its attention and aspirations to Imperiftllstlc (Mti o[ prowess mor« than to industrial matters.
mind) of adequate cause was substituted for that of sufficient reason. The law of causation as it is found at work, in the maturer science of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, comprises two distinguishable postulates: (1) equality {quantitative equivalence) of cause and effect; and (2) similarity (qualitative equivalence) of cause and effect. The former may, without forcing it, be referred to commercial accountancy as its analogue in practical life and as the probable cultural ground out of