In the conception of the causal relation as it may be seen at work a hundred years ago, cause and effect are felt to stand over against one another, so that the cause controls, determines the
effect by transmitting its own character to it. The cause is the producer, the effect the product. Relatively little emphasis or interest falls upon the process out of which the product emerges ; the interest being centred upon the latter and its relation to the efficient cause out of which it has come. Tljte theories constructed under the guidance of this conception are generahzations as to an equivalence between the producing cause and the effect-product. The cause " makes " the effect, in much the same sense as the craftsman is apprehended to make the article on which he is engaged. There is a felt distinction between the cause and the environing circumstances, much as there is between the workman on the one band and his tools and materials on the other hand. The intervening process is simply the manner of functioning of the efficient cause, much as the workman's work ia the functioning of the workman in the interval between the inception and the completion of the product. The effect is subBequent to the cause, as the workman's product is subsequent to and consequent upon his putting forth his productive efficiency. It is a relation of before and after, in which the process comes in for attention as covering and accounting for the time interval which, in analogy with workmanlike endeavor, is required for the functioning of the efficient cause.^
' Compara, bowerer, Sombart, SapitalUmui, eapecUlly vol. I. eh. Tm and XT. Sombart finds Ui« modein soienUflc ooncept ot
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