were wide racial differences among the foreign born; the various elements were represented by the following average number of children per wife:
| French-Canadians | 4.42 |
|---|---|
| Russians | 3.51 |
| Italians | 3.49 |
| Irish | 3.45 |
| Scotch and Welsh | 3.09 |
| English | 2.89 |
| Germans | 2.84 |
| Swedes | 2.58 |
| English-Canadians | 2.56 |
| Poles | 2.31 |
In short, the native-born whites in this investigation fell below every one of the foreign nationalities.
The Massachusetts censuses for 1875 and 1884 showed similar results: the foreign-born women had 4.5 children each, and the native-born women 2.7 each.
Frederick S. Crum's careful investigation2 of