222 Cf. p. 660.
223 The elongated or curved ãmacronucleusã of an Infusorian is to be looked upon as a single mass of chromatin, rather than as an aggregation of particles in a fluid drop, as in the case described. It has a shape of its own, in which ordinary surface-tension plays a very subordinate part.
224 Thûˋorie physico-chimique de la Vie, p. 73, 1910; Mechanism of Life, p. 56, 1911.
225 Whence the name ãmitosisã (Greek ö¥ö₤üö¢ü, a thread), applied first by Flemming to the whole phenomenon. Kollmann (Biol. Centralbl. II, p. 107, 1882) called it divisio per fila, or divisio laqueis implicata. Many of the earlier students, such as Van Beneden (Rech. sur la maturation de lãéuf, Arch. de Biol. IV, 1883), and Hermann (Zur Lehre v. d. Entstehung d. karyokinetischen Spindel, Arch. f. mikrosk. Anat. XXXVII, 1891) thought they recognised actual muscular threads, drawing the nuclear material asunder towards the respective foci or poles; and some such view was long maintained by other writers, Boveri, Heidenhain, Flemming, R. Hertwig, and many more. In fact, the existence of contractile threads, or the ascription to the spindle rather than to the poles or centrosomes of the active forces concerned in nuclear division, formed the main tenet of all those who declined to go beyond the ãcontractile properties of protoplasmã for an explanation of the phenomenon. (Cf. also J. W. Jenkinson, Q. J. M. S. XLVIII, p. 471, 1904.)
226 Cf. Bû¥tschli, O., Ueber die kû¥nstliche Nachahmung der karyokinetischen Figur, Verh. Med. Nat. Ver. Heidelberg, V, pp. 28ã41 (1892), 1897.
227 Arrhenius, in describing a typical colloid precipitate, does so in terms that are very closely applicable to the ordinary microscopic appearance of the protoplasm of the cell. The precipitate consists, he says, ãen un rûˋseau dãune substance solide contenant peu dãeau, dans les mailles duquel est inclus un fluide contenant un peu de colloide dans beaucoup dãeauã...ãEvidemment cette structure se forme û cause de la petite diffûˋrence de poids spûˋcifique des deux phases, et de la consistance gluante des particules sûˋparûˋes, qui sãattachent en forme de rûˋseau.ã Rev. Scientifique, Feb. 1911.
228 F. Schwartz, in Cohnãs Beitr. z. Biologie der Pflanzen, V, p. 1, 1887.
229 Fischer, Anat. Anzeiger, IX, p. 678, 1894, X, p. 769, 1895.
230 See, in particular, W. B. Hardy, On the structure of Cell Protoplasm, Journ. of Physiol. XXIV, pp. 158ã207, 1889; also HûÑber, Physikalische Chemie der Zelle und der Gewebe, 1902. Cf. (int. al.) Flemming, Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung 1882, p. 51, etc.