• Before Dante’s time Fra Guittone had said, in his famous Letter to the Florentines :⁠— “O queen of cities, court of justice, school of wisdom, mirror of life, and mould of manners, whose sons were kings, reigning in every land, or were above all others, who art no longer queen but servant, oppressed and subject to tribute! no longer court of justice, but cave of robbers, and school of all folly and madness, mirror of death and mould of felony, whose great strength is stripped and broken, whose beautiful face is covered with foulness and shame; whose sons are no longer kings but vile and wretched servants, held, wherever they go, in opprobrium and derision by others.” See also Petrarca, Canzone XVI , Lady Dacre’s Tr. , beginning:⁠— “O my own Italy! though words are vain The mortal wounds to close, Unnumbered, that thy beauteous bosom stain, Yet may it soothe my pain To sigh for the Tiber’s woes, And Arno’s wrongs, as on Po’s saddened shore Sorrowing I wander and my numbers pour.” And Filicaja’s sonnet:⁠— “Italy! Italy! thou who ’rt doomed to wear The fatal gift of beauty, and possess The dower funest of infinite wretchedness, Written upon thy forehead by despair; Ah!