This alludes to the maltreatment of Boniface by the troops of Philip at Alagna. See note 87 . ↩

The removal of the Papal See from Rome to Avignon.

The principal points of the allegory of this canto may be summed up as follows. The triumphal chariot, the Church; the seven Nymphs, the Virtues Cardinal and Evangelical; the seven candlesticks, the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit; the tree of knowledge, Rome; the Eagle, the Imperial power; the Fox, heresy; the Dragon, Muhammad; the shameless whore, Pope Boniface the Eighth; and the giant, Philip the Fair of France. ↩

In this canto Dante is made to drink of the river Eunoë, the memory of things good.

Psalm 79, beginning:⁠—