The stars of Aries. Some philosophers and fathers think the world was created in Spring. ↩

Ambition; and politically the royal house of France. ↩

Some editions read temesse , others tremesse . ↩

Avarice; and politically the Court of Rome, or temporal power of the Popes. ↩

Dante as a Ghibelline and Imperialist is in opposition to the Guelfs, Pope Boniface VIII , and the King of France, Philip the Fair, and is banished from Florence, out of the sunshine, and into “the dry wind that blows from dolorous poverty.”