with an equivalence of 11 sols. Parisis. Gros royaux were the double of the petits royaux. Charles le Bel and Philippe de Valois struck royaux 58 to the mark. King John struck royaux or deniers d'or au Roial 66 and 69 to the mark, Charles V. 63 to the mark, and Charles VI. 64 and 70 to the mark.
Masses or chaises (cadieres, Royaux durs), were coined by Philippe le Bel, 22-carat fine and 5 deniers 12 grs. the piece. The chaises d'or of his successor varied greatly from these. Philippe de Valois coined them of fine gold, and 3 deniers 16 grs. the piece, and Charles VI. of fine gold 4 deniers 18 grs. the piece. Under Charles VII. the standard was reduced to 16 carats and the weight to 2 deniers 29 grs.
Of other early gold species it is sufficient to mention—
| Reines , | coined by | Philippe le Bel. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Florin George , | " | Philippe de Valois. | ||
| Parisis d'or , | 32 2 ⁄ 5 | to mark | = 20 sols. Parisis. | |
| Lion | 50 | to the mark. | ||
| Pavillon | 48 | " | ||
| Couronne | 45 | " | ||
| Ange or angelot | 33 2 ⁄ 5 | " | ||
| Denier d'or à l'écu | 54 | " |